【陳福濱】一包養網董仲舒的歷史觀與政治哲學

Abstract:Dong Zhongshu’s understanding of history believed that “the four laws are like four times, but they finally begin, and return to the original state.” “There are three and those who revert, four and those who revert, five and those who revert, nine and those who revert”, so he proposed the historical view of “three disciplines”, “three righteousness”, “four laws” and “quality literature”. As for discussion and politics, Han Dynasty politics always used Confucianism and Law; Dong Zhongshu used his moral severity to make “year-old comparisons” and regarded Confucianism as an example of the use of criminal law; Dong Zhongshu took the initiative, and took benevolence and morality as politics, and accepted the traditional Confucian concept of morality as an extension of morality, took fantasy personality as a condition of fantasy politics, and made contributions to tyranny and etiquette.

Keywords: Dong Zhongshu; “Year and Breeding”; Three Symbols; Four Laws; Yang De and Punishment

Among the various schools of thought in the pre-Qin period, Confucianism inherited the most traditions and had the strongest historical consciousness. Since Confucius, Mencius and Xun, they have always checked the history of in the maintenance of the pipeline, and thus several concepts of historical philosophy have emerged. Confucius, in charge of Zhou, hoped that Zhou would be a system of ten thousand generations, so he said that Zhou would be enough to know a hundred generations, so he proposed the historical view of the three generations of refusal. He said: “The Yin was the benefit of the Xia Dynasty, and the Zhou was the benefit of the Yin Dynasty. It was known that Zhou was the benefit of the Yin Dynasty. It may be known that Zhou was the benefit of the Zhou Dynasty, although it could be known for a hundred generations.” (“Speech: For the Political Department”) “Enjoy” is because the environment in each era is different and the needs are also different, so some new civilizations must be created to replace the old civilization; “Shu” refers to the original civilization, because it cannot be adapted to the new environment and meet the new needs, it will naturally be slapped.; Therefore, it is said that “it is better to know.” Mencius proposed some new concepts about the historical phenomena of resurrection, namely the historical view of “one governance and one chaos” (Mencius Teng Wengong 2) and “Justice Light” (Mencius Ouxinxiao). Xunzi proposed the historical view of “Ming divided the group” and “Fahou Wang” (“Xunzi·King System”). The Legalists in the pre-Qin period, Guan Zi advocated the historical view of “the way to govern the country must be rich first” (Guan Zi·Governance of the People’s Republic of China); Shang Yang advocated the historical view of “governing the world and making the world do not use the ancients” (Historical Records·Shang JunliBaocai.com大官网大官网”), and “Three Generations” (Shang Junli Book·Ban Pai”); Korean Feizi advocated the historical view of “changing the ancients and changing the commons” (Korean Feizi·Five Worms) The Yin-Yang family, Zheng Yan, advocated the historical view of “the end of the five virtues” (“History Records·Mencius and Xunqing”), and this kind of historical view was due to the Qin and Han dynasties, and Song Wei, who was suitable for the reform, put down his towel and filled out the form quickly to avoid delaying the other party’s getting off work. Demand needs, and the impact is naturally profound. Dong Zhongshu’s historical philosophy was born under this landscape. He believed that “the four laws are like four times, but they finally begin, and return to the original state.” “There are three and those who have regressed, four and those who have regressed, five and nine and those who have regressed” (“Year and Fanlu·Reply of the Three Dynasties’ Reformed Leaf? “A person is beautiful and can be listened to when singing.” “Qingwen” [1], thus put forward the historical view of “Three Symbols” and “Three Rights”.

As for discussion and politics, Han Dynasty politics always used both Confucianism and Law. In the “Salted Iron Discussion” mentioned that the Confucianism and Law in the Han Dynasty not only confuses the conflict, but also divided the schools and schools to discuss with each other, so the prospectors broke each other. However, in the end, it was difficult to avoid Confucianism and Law in the Han Dynasty. He also used the political discussion, such as “Zhang Tang decided to make great contributions to ancient meanings, so he asked a doctor to govern the “Shang Book” and “Year” to summon the history of the Tingwei, and doubt the law” (“History Records·Release of the harsh officials”), which was used as a law and used as a example of Confucianism; Dong Zhongshu used his moral character to make “year decisions”, which was used as an example of using Confucianism in criminal law. Dong Zhongshu advocated the political thinking of benevolence and morality as politics, and accepted the traditional Confucianism of Confucianism. Taking political career as the extension of moral career, taking fantasy personality as the condition of fantasy politics, and taking tyranny and loving people to follow the ceremony and educate.

1. Historical view of Yin and Yang

Qin used the argument that “the five virtues are transferred, and the governance is appropriate” to find a foundation for its governance. The virtue finally began, but when used to explain the actual history, if the Han Dynasty represents water virtue, earth virtue or fire virtue, the opinions are not consistent, which became a problem of dispute at that time. Based on his philosophical thinking of heaven and man, Dong Zhongshu used the yin and yang thoughts of the wind at that time, the circumference of the “three disciplines” and “three righteousness”, and the “four laws” he proposed to explain the suffocational substitution of the royal power and the changes in history; although he was naturalBaobao.com ppt law as historical changeTheoretically, but in the end it is still based on the “destiny” with interest and ambition; the destiny of heaven takes the goal of giving birth to all things, and the king gives birth to heaven, and since then, it must also take birth to rejuvenation as the administrative goal; but in history, it can also be seen that the violent kings can also be seen, so Dong also proposed the ability of “reversal”; this is a political management theory developed from the two principles of the growth of the yang and the mutual generation and restraint of the five elements. But in terms of foundation, he still took Confucian “tyranny” as the highest goal of historical change, and coordinated the two of Yin and Yang as the basis for historical change.

(I) Changes in Yinyang and the Three Symbols and Four Symbols

In Dong Zhongshu’s historical view, “Three Symbols”, “Three Symbols”, “Three Symbols”, “Four Symbols” and “Quality” are the contents of the change of kingly power, and “Three Symbols”, “Three Symbols”, “Four Symbols” and “Quality” are based on Yinyang. Dong Zi proposed this new theory to illustrate changes in history.

1. The three righteous and three kings

The “Three righteousness” is the first month of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, which is the first month of the disagreement, that is, the Xia dynasty is Jianyin (the first month of the agricultural year) as the age, the Shang dynasty is Jiancang (the middle spring of the agricultural year) as the age, and the Zhou dynasty is Jianzi (the November of the agricultural year) as the age. Every dynasty is required to use a certain month of these three months as the age, which is what is called “reconciliation and reconciliation”. “Shangshu·Gan Si” says: “There are Hu family who insults the five elements and is lazy and abandons the three righteousnesses.” Therefore, the three months of Jianyin, Jianchou and Jianzi are the first, and this has been the natural transformation of Liuhe since ancient times.

The Han Book·Law and Records says: “The three disciplines are the disciplines of heaven giving, earth transforming, and human affairs.” Heaven, earth, and man are the right, and there are also those who regard heaven, earth and man as the “three disciplines” and black, white and